Microplastics can affect the trophic cascade strength and stability of plankton ecosystems via behavior-mediated indirect interactions

Abstract

The negative effects of microplastics on the normal growth of aquatic organisms have been well studied, but relatively little is known about their potential adverse effects on the function and stability of aquatic ecosystems. We investigated here the effects of polyethylene (PE) microplastics on several aspects of plankton ecosystems, including Daphnia magna behavior, the grazing rate of D. magna on Chlorella vulgaris cells, trophic-cascade effects in the C. vulgaris-D. magna-larval damselfly food chain, the life-history of D. magna, and the stability and persistence of the D. magna-larval damselfly system. PE microplastics decreased the D. magna grazing rate as a result of reductions in their heart rate and hopping frequency. In the trophic-cascade experiment, PE microplastics increased the foraging success of larval damselflies on grazers due to hopping inhibition in grazers, which ultimately strengthened the trophic-cascade effect on algal growth. Long-term exposure to PE microplastics reduced the stability and persistence of the grazer population via increased predation risk and reduced reproductive capacity for grazer species. This study provides evidence that microplastics can affect the trophic cascade strength and stability of plankton ecosystems via behavior-mediated indirect interactions, suggesting that microplastics have more extensive impacts on aquatic ecosystems than presently recognized. ENVIROMENTAL IMPLICATION: The massive production and environmental releasing of microplastics have become ubiquitous in the global environment. The negative effects of microplastics on the normal growth of aquatic organisms have been well studied, but little is known about potential adverse effects on the function and stability of aquatic ecosystems. Here, we found that microplastics increased the positive impacts of larval damselflies on algal growth, and reduced the stability and persistence of plankton ecosystems via a behavior-mediated indirect interaction. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study assessing the effects of microplastics on the community-level characteristics of a freshwater ecosystem. SYNOPSIS: PE microplastics affect trophic cascade strength and reduce the stability and persistence of plankton ecosystems via behavior-mediated indirect interactions.

Keywords: Animal behavior; Ecosystem stability; Grazing rate; Life history traits; Microplastics; Trophic cascade.