Herbal root extracts in Ben-Cha-Moon-Yai remedy attenuated pain-like behaviors and inflammation through the opioid and prostaglandin systems

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ben-Cha-Moon-Yai (BMY) remedy used in Thai traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent compromises five herbal root extracts of equal weights: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa (AM), Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (OI), Dimocarpus longan Lour. (DL), Dolichandrone serrulata (Wall. ex DC.) Seem. (DS), and Walsura trichostemon Miq. (WT).

Aim of the study: To assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the root extracts of all five species of BMY in experimental animal (mouse) models to ensure the rational use of herbal products in Thai traditional medicine.

Materials and methods: Root extracts prepared by ethanol and water extraction were used for the biological assays in animal models at five dose levels: 25, 50,100,200 & 400 mg/kg. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated based on hot-plate latency, duration of paw licking induced by formalin, and abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid. Carrageenan- and prostaglandin-induced paw oedema models were used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity.

Results: The oral administration of AM, DS and WT root extracts displayed significant analgesic effects in the hot-plate test, both phases (early and late) of formalin test and acetic-acid induced writhing test at different dose levels. OI and DL only produced significant analgesia in the late phase of the formalin test and writhing test. The pretreatment of animals with the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, reverse AM, DS and WT induced-antinociceptive activity. In both carrageenan and prostaglandin-induced paw oedema tests, all five herbal plant root extracts significantly reduced paw oedema at 3 h or more at different dose levels. Rotarod test results showed no effects of five herbal plant root extracts on the balance and the motor coordination at the highest dose level evaluated (400 mg/kg).

Conclusion: The root extracts of AM, DS, and WT possess both central and peripheral anti-nociceptive properties, while OI and DL possess only peripheral analgesic properties. All five root extracts own anti-inflammatory properties, which might be due to their activity on the prostaglandin system. Altogether these findings ensure the rational use of BMY remedy in Thai traditional medicine.

Keywords: Aegle marmelos; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-nociceptive; Ben-Cha-Moon-Yai remedy; Dimocarpus longan; Dolichandrone serrulata; Oroxylum indicum; Walsura trichostemon.