Despite the rapid development of safe and highly effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the strategy for their distribution has been and remains contentious. Mathematical models can be used to guide and inform these strategies; however, uncertainties in critical immunological and evolutionary parameters of SARS-CoV-2 can limit the predictive power of models. Notwithstanding these ongoing uncertainties, we discuss how models have been applied to guide health policy decisions related to vaccination against COVID-19, and how they may be applied in the future in the context of booster doses under different scenarios related to disease-specific factors and global distribution.