Psychosocial burden and associated factors among nurses in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a retrospective survey in Germany

Christian Hering; Annabell Gangnus; Andrea Budnick; Raphael Kohl; Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen; Adelheid Kuhlmey; Paul Gellert

doi:10.1186/s12912-022-00807-3

Psychosocial burden and associated factors among nurses in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a retrospective survey in Germany

BMC Nurs. 2022 Feb 10;21(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s12912-022-00807-3.

Authors

Christian Hering¹, Annabell Gangnus², Andrea Budnick², Raphael Kohl², Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen³, Adelheid Kuhlmey², Paul Gellert²

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Virchowweg 22, 10117, Berlin, Germany. christian.hering@charite.de.
² Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Virchowweg 22, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
³ Deparment of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Abstract

Background: Care homes were hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although high levels of psychosocial burden (i.e., anxiety, depression and stress) during the pandemic have been described for healthcare workers in hospitals, evidence on the psychosocial burden for nurses in care homes during the pandemic is scarce.

Methods: A total of 811 nurses participated in a retrospective online survey between November 2020 and February 2021. Information about the COVID-19 situation (i.e., working demands, COVID-19 cases in their facility, and COVID-19-related burden) of nurses in German care homes during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020 to June 2020) was gathered. The Stress Scale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (SDASS-21), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), the Patients-Health-Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) were used to screen for psychosocial burden.

Results: Among nurses, 94.2% stated that working demands since the COVID-19 pandemic increased. Further, 59.1% showed clinically relevant levels of either stress, anxiety, and/or depression. Multiple regression analysis showed significant associations between COVID-19-related burden and qualification (p < .01), dissatisfaction with COVID-19 management of care home manager (p < .05), COVID-19-related anxiety (p < .001), and dementia as a focus of care (p < .05). Stress, depression, and anxiety showed associations with COVID-19 related burden at work (p < .01), COVID-19-related anxiety (p < .001), social support (p < .01), and sense of community (p < .05). Stress was also associated with COVID-19 cases among residents (p < .05), and size of care home (p < .05).

Conclusion: Short- and long-term strategies (i.e., psychosocial counseling, mandatory team meetings, more highly qualified nurses, additional training) in the work environment of nursing, in crises, but beyond, should be encouraged to reduce the burden on nursing staff in care homes.

Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19; Care homes; Depression; Nurses; Nursing homes; Psychosocial burden; SARS-CoV-2; Stress.