Evaluating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma using hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor sections

Min Du; Yu-Meng Cai; Yu-Lei Yin; Li Xiao; Yuan Ji

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i3.856

Evaluating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma using hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor sections

World J Clin Cases. 2022 Jan 21;10(3):856-869. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i3.856.

Authors

Min Du¹, Yu-Meng Cai², Yu-Lei Yin¹, Li Xiao¹, Yuan Ji³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pathology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, Shanghai Province, China.
² Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, Shanghai Province, China.
³ Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, Shanghai Province, China. ji.yuan@zs-hospital.sh.cn.

Abstract

Background: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) constitute a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, different methods of assessing TILs have various pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical challenges. The evaluation of TILs in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tumor sections proposed by the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group was demonstrated to be a reproducible, affordable and easily applied method in many tumors.

Aim: To evaluate the prognostic significance of TILs in H&E-stained slides of HCCs.

Methods: This was a retrospective study performed in the hospital. HCC patients who underwent liver resection between 2015 and 2017 in Zhongshan Hospital were enrolled in this study. Patients who experienced recurrence or received therapy in addition to antiviral therapy before surgery at this time were excluded. A total of 204 patients were enrolled in the study. The ILs were counted manually in tumor sections stained with H&E under an optical microscope at 400 ×. The ILs were assessed separately in the center of the tumor (TILs^CT), the invasive front (TILs^IF), and peritumor (PILs) areas. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed using a Cox regression model. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant and all P-values were two-sided.

Results: Among the 204 patients, univariate analysis indicated that macrovascular invasion (MaVI) (P = 0.001), microvascular invasion (MVI) (P = 0.012), multiple tumors (P = 0.008), large tumors (> 10 cm) (P = 0.001), absence of a tumor capsule (P = 0.026), macrotrabecular histological subtype (P = 0.001), low density of TILs^CT (P = 0.039), TILs^IF (P = 0.014), and PILs (P = 0.010) were predictors of progression-free survival (PFS). Cox multivariate analysis indicated that MaVI (P = 0.009), absence of a tumor capsule (P = 0.031), low-density of TILs^IF (P = 0.047) and PILs (P = 0.0495) were independent predictors of PFS. A three-category analysis was carried out by combining TILs^CT, TILs^IF, and PILs, after which HCCs were classified into immune^high [(TILs^CT)^high, (TILs^IF)^high, and PILs^high, 83 cases], immune^mod (tumors other than immune^high and immune^low subtypes, 94 cases), and immune^low [(TILs^CT)^low, (TILs^IF)^low, and PILs^low, 27 cases)] subtypes. The immune^high subtype had a lower rate of MVI (40.96%) than the immune^mod (61.70%, P = 0.017) and immune^low (66.67%, P = 0.020) subtypes. The recurrence rates of the immune^high, immune^mod and immune^low subtypes were 10.8%, 25.5% and 33.3%, respectively.

Conclusion: HCC patients with high infiltrating lymphocytes tend to have a lower recurrence rate and less MVI. The evaluation of TILs in H&E-stained specimens could be a prognostic parameter for HCC.

Keywords: Hematoxylin and eosin-stained; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Lymphocytes; Pathology; Tumor infiltration.