There are many patients who refuse to receive blood transfusions for religious or other reasons. Bloodless medicine and surgery are no longer new concept, but patients who refuse blood transfusion are still transferred to the bloodless center, regardless of patients' intention, for treatment. Here, we discuss the need for patient blood management when blood is not an option to treat them. Two patients of advanced age were transferred to our bloodless center due to refusal of transfusion. They are Jehovah's Witnesses and refused to receive blood transfusion despite life-threatening anemia and severe underlying diseases. Patient blood management protocols including iron supplementation, subcutaneous erythropoietin, folic acid and vitamin B were implemented to improve hematopoiesis, and supportive care was also performed to treat underlying diseases. Levels of Hemoglobin/Hematocrit and their symptom gradually improved about a week after treatment, and their condition had gradually stabilized. They were discharged safely. We treated patients of advanced age with severe underlying diseases and life-threatening anemia using patient blood management due to refusal of a blood transfusion. The patient blood management may be a useful alternative strategy, which meet the needs of patients who refuse blood transfusions as well as the need to reduce the use of blood products due to limited supply.
Keywords: Bloodless medical and surgical procedures; blood conservation strategy; case report; hematopoiesis.