Insights into the direct anti-influenza virus mode of action of Rhodiola rosea

Kristin Döring; Julia Langeder; Susanne Duwe; Ammar Tahir; Ulrike Grienke; Judith M Rollinger; Michaela Schmidtke

doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153895

Insights into the direct anti-influenza virus mode of action of Rhodiola rosea

Phytomedicine. 2022 Feb:96:153895. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153895. Epub 2021 Dec 14.

Authors

Kristin Döring¹, Julia Langeder², Susanne Duwe³, Ammar Tahir², Ulrike Grienke², Judith M Rollinger⁴, Michaela Schmidtke⁵

Affiliations

¹ Section of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, d-07745 Jena, Germany.
² Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
³ Robert Koch Institute, Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Seestr. 10, d-13353 Berlin, Germany.
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: judith.rollinger@univie.ac.at.
⁵ Section of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, d-07745 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: michaela.schmidtke@med.uni-jena.de.

PMID: 35026524
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153895

Abstract

Background: The anti-influenza A virus activities and contents of previously isolated most active flavonoids (rhodiosin and tricin) from a standardized hydro-ethanolic R. rosea root and rhizome extract (SHR-5®), did not fully explain the efficacy of SHR-5®. Moreover, the mode of antiviral action of SHR-5® is unknown.

Purpose: To determine the anti-influenza viral principle of SHR-5® we evaluated i) the combined anti-influenza virus effect of rhodiosin and tricin, ii) the impact of its tannin-enriched fraction (TE), iii) its antiviral spectrum and mode of action, and iv) its propensity for resistance development in vitro.

Methods: The combined anti-influenza virus effect of rhodiosin and tricin and the impact of TE were investigated with cytopathic effect (CPE)-inhibition assays in MDCK cells. A tannin-depleted fraction (TD) and TE were prepared by polyamide column chromatography and dereplicated by LC-MS. Plaque-reduction assays provided insights into the anti-influenza virus profile, the mode of action, and the propensity for resistance development of SHR-5®.

Results: Our results i) did not reveal synergistic anti-influenza A virus effects of rhodiosin and tricin, but ii) proved a strong impact of TE mainly composed of prodelphinidin gallate oligomers. iii) TE inhibited the plaque-production of influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B (Victoria and Yamagata) isolates (including isolates resistant to neuraminidase and/or M2 ion channel inhibitors) with 50% inhibitory concentration values between 0.12 - 0.53 µg/ml similar to SHR-5®. Mechanistic studies proved a virucidal activity, inhibition of viral adsorption, viral neuraminidase activity, and virus spread by SHR-5® and TE. iv) No resistance development was observed in vitro.

Conclusion: For the first time a comprehensive analysis of the anti-influenza virus profile of a hydro-ethanolic R. rosea extract (SHR-5®) was assessed in vitro. The results demonstrating broad-spectrum multiple direct anti-influenza virus activities, and a lack of resistance development to SHR-5® together with its known augmentation of host defense, support its potential role as an adaptogen against influenza virus infection.

Keywords: Acute respiratory infection; Influenza; Natural product; Prodelphinidin gallate oligomers; Resistance; Roseroot.

MeSH terms

Antiviral Agents / pharmacology
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype*
Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype
Influenza A virus*
Neuraminidase
Rhodiola*

Substances

Antiviral Agents
Neuraminidase