Hepatic Fis1 regulates mitochondrial integrated stress response and improves metabolic homeostasis

JCI Insight. 2022 Feb 22;7(4):e150041. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.150041.

Abstract

Mitophagy and mitochondrial integrated stress response (ISR) are 2 primary protective mechanisms to maintain functional mitochondria. Whether these 2 processes are coordinately regulated remains unclear. Here we show that mitochondrial fission 1 protein (Fis1), which is required for completion of mitophagy, serves as a signaling hub linking mitophagy and ISR. In mouse hepatocytes, high fat diet (HFD) feeding induces unresolved oxidative stress, defective mitophagy and enhanced type I interferon (IFN-I) response implicated in promoting metabolic inflammation. Adenoviral-mediated acute hepatic Fis1 overexpression is sufficient to reduce oxidative damage and improve glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed mice. RNA-Seq analysis reveals that Fis1 triggers a retrograde mitochondria-to-nucleus communication upregulating ISR genes encoding anti-oxidant defense, redox homeostasis, and proteostasis pathways. Fis1-mediated ISR also suppresses expression of IFN-I-stimulated genes through activating transcription factor 5 (Atf5), which inhibits the transactivation activity of interferon regulatory factor 3 (Irf3) known to control IFN-I production. Metabolite analysis demonstrates that Fis1 activation leads to accumulation of fumarate, a TCA cycle intermediate capable of increasing Atf5 activity. Consequently, hepatic Atf5 overexpression or monomethyl fumarate (MMF) treatment improves glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed mice. Collectively, these results support the potential use of small molecules targeting the Fis1-Atf5 axis, such as MMF, to treat metabolic diseases.

Keywords: Glucose metabolism; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Obesity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Gene Expression Regulation*
  • Homeostasis
  • Liver / cytology
  • Liver / metabolism*
  • Mice
  • Mitochondria / metabolism*
  • Mitochondrial Proteins / biosynthesis
  • Mitochondrial Proteins / genetics*
  • Mitophagy / genetics*
  • Models, Animal
  • Oxidative Stress*
  • RNA / genetics*
  • Signal Transduction

Substances

  • FIS1 protein, mouse
  • Mitochondrial Proteins
  • RNA