We investigated the effect of neutral lipids, polar lipids, and an emulsified formulation (EMF) on carotenoid bioaccessibility in an in vitro digestion assay of vegetables. These reagents enhanced carotenoid bioaccessibility. Contrary to our previous report, they also exhibited effects on lutein. Bile extracts/pancreatin concentrations also participated in the bioaccessibility. The EMF, which consisted of lower amounts of oil, had the same effect on lutein as rapeseed oil. These reagents also showed effects in the aging model, with more reduced bile extract/pancreatin concentrations, suggesting that lipids and EMF contributed to carotenoid bioaccessibility in bile/pancreatic juice secretions due to aging and disease.
Keywords: bile; bioaccessibility; carotenoid; emulsified formulation; vegetable oil.