Comparative Evaluation of Clinical, Cytological and Microbiological Profile in Abdominal vs. Cervical Lymph Nodal Tuberculosis with Special Emphasis on Utility of Auramine-O Staining

Harveen K Gulati; Michael Mawlong; Arushi Agarwal; Karen R Ranee

doi:10.4103/JOC.JOC_61_20

Comparative Evaluation of Clinical, Cytological and Microbiological Profile in Abdominal vs. Cervical Lymph Nodal Tuberculosis with Special Emphasis on Utility of Auramine-O Staining

J Cytol. 2021 Oct-Dec;38(4):191-197. doi: 10.4103/JOC.JOC_61_20. Epub 2021 Nov 20.

Authors

Harveen K Gulati¹, Michael Mawlong², Arushi Agarwal¹, Karen R Ranee²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pathology, Nazareth Hospital, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
² Department of Microbiology, Nazareth Hospital, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.

Abstract

Context: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) especially abdominal lymph nodal tuberculosis (LNTB) poses a unique diagnostic challenge. The clinical, cytological, and microbiological profiles, especially with respect to the use and role of Auramine -O (AO) stain, are not as well characterized in abdominal LNTB as cervical LNTB and were evaluated in the present comparative study.

Subjects and methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital in Shillong, Meghalaya in 540 clinical suspected cases of tuberculosis who underwent FNAC. The smears were submitted for Leishman's stain for cytological analysis, along with ZN and Auramine O stain for demonstration of the organism, analyzed, and scored and the results were compared with culture wherever available. The results from abdominal and cervical lymph nodal tuberculosis were compared using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software.

Results: Out of 540 cases, most were tuberculosis (266) followed by reactive lymphadenitis (162), malignancy, and acute necrotizing lesion. On comparing, abdominal lymph nodes (n = 163) were more likely to reveal cheesy/purulent material macroscopically, necrotizing lymphadenitis along with ZN stain and Auramine positivity (P < 0.05) while cervical lymph nodes (n = 66) revealed a higher proportion of granulomatous lymphadenitis and culture positivity (P < 0.05). The sensitivity, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of AO stain (85.9%, 48.0%, and 62.3%) were higher as compared to ZN stain (47.4%, 39.3%, and 51.9%) with culture as the gold standard. The combined sensitivity of Ziehl Neelsen stain and Auramine stain was 92.05%.

Conclusion: Cytological and microbiologic features of abdominal LNTB differ from cervical LNTB. Moreover, AO stain increases the smear positivity, is almost twice as sensitive as ZN stain and should be used as an adjunct in cytological material wherever available.

Keywords: Auramine-O stain; Ziehl-Neelson stain; extrapulmonary tuberculosis; fine needle aspiration cytology; mycobacterium tuberculosis.