Clinical, Methodological, and Practical Considerations for Algorithmic Testing in Autoimmune Serology

Abstract

Background: Autoimmune serology tests are central to the classification, screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of a variety of autoimmune disorders. To improve the appropriateness of serologic evaluation and support laboratory resource utilization, reflex testing approaches have been proposed and implemented across clinical laboratories. Reflex testing involves a staged approach where an initial test result triggers subsequent tests based on prespecified rules.

Content: Various reflex testing approaches in the context of antinuclear antibody-associated rheumatic disease, antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis, celiac disease, and myasthenia gravis are reviewed here. Clinical, analytical, and practical considerations of reflex testing implementation are addressed as well as associated limitations and challenges.

Summary: Serology reflex testing algorithms for the evaluation of autoimmune diseases can support clinical diagnosis and laboratory resource use but may be challenging to implement and are often applied variably across institutions. Assessments of evidence-driven guidelines, clinical impact, and impact on laboratory workflow are essential to this task.

Keywords: ANA; ANCA; autoimmune serology; celiac disease; myasthenia gravis; reflex testing.