Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated with mucormycosis, and to improve the understanding of the disease. Methods: The clinical data of 3 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) complicated with mucormycosis treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between October 2020 and January 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Literature search and review covered the China national knowledge infrastructure, Wanfang database and Pubmed using the keywords of "acute lymphoblastic leukemia" and "mucormycosis" up to June 2021. Results: Case 1, a 12-year-old boy, was diagnosed with ALL, developed fever and chest pain during induction therapy. The Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) testing of alveolar perfusion fluid suggested infection with Rhizopus oryzae. Amphotericin B combined with posaconazole was applied and amphotericin B was removed after improvement. Bone destruction was indicated by CT. Amphotericin B was applied again. Case 2, a 4-year-old boy, with a history of pallor and tetter, was diagnosed with ALL. He developed cough and fever during induction therapy. mNGS of blood suggested infection with Rhizomucor pusillus. Amphotericin B combined with voriconazole was applied, but the situation was not significantly improved. The disseminated infection occurred. Amphotericin B combined with posaconazole was applied and vacuum sealing drainage was performed. Case 3, a 2-year-old girl, was diagnosed with ALL, developed fever and cough during induction therapy. Rhizomucor pusillus was indicated by mNGS. Amphotericin B combined with posaconazole was used, and posaconazole was stopped after improvement. Follow-up until June 2021, the condition of the 3 children improved. There was no recurrent Mucor infection, and the primary hematopathy was in complete remission. According to the literature, 7 reports were found in Chinese journals, while 17 reports were found in English literature, 25 cases have been reported. Among a total of 28 children, 11 cases rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis, four pulmonary mucormycosis, 2 cutaneous mucormycosis, 2 gastrointestinal mucormycosis and 9 disseminated mucormycosis. There were 17 cases developed infection during induction chemotherapy, 8 cases during maintenance therapy, 3 cases after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Voriconazole was used in 15 cases; 19 cases were treated with combined surgery, 7 cases were treated with drugs only, 2 cases were untreated; 21 cases showed improvement after treatment. Death occurred in seven cases. Conclusions: ALL complicated with mucormycosis often occurs in the stage of induction therapy. The clinical features lacked specificity, mNGS can help find the pathogen and provide evidence for diagnosis. Surgical treatment also could be combined when necessary, which is helpful to improve the prognosis.
目的： 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）合并毛霉菌病的临床特征及预后。 方法： 回顾性分析2020年10月至2021年1月收治于郑州大学第一附属医院儿童血液肿瘤科的3例ALL合并毛霉菌病患儿的临床资料。分别以“急性淋巴细胞白血病”“毛霉菌病”“acute lymphoblastic leukemia”“mucormycosis”为检索词检索中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed数据库自建库至2021年6月的相关文献，总结ALL合并毛霉菌病的临床特点、诊疗经过及预后。 结果： 例1，男，12岁，因“确诊ALL 7 d”就诊，诱导化疗期间出现发热、胸痛，肺泡灌洗液宏基因组二代测序（mNGS）检出米根霉菌，应用两性霉素B联合泊沙康唑，病情好转后改为泊沙康唑单药应用，出现骨质破坏，再次加用两性霉素B。例2，男，4岁，因“面色苍白1个月，皮肤出血点10 d”就诊，诊断为ALL，诱导化疗期间出现咳嗽、发热，血液mNGS检出微小根毛霉，应用两性霉素B联合伏立康唑，出现播散感染，改为两性霉素B联合泊沙康唑，并行皮肤创面封闭式负压引流术。例3，女，2岁，因“发热20 d，下肢跛行10 d，咳嗽6 d”就诊，诊断为ALL，诱导化疗期间出现发热、咳嗽，肺泡灌洗液mNGS检出微小根毛霉，应用两性霉素B联合泊沙康唑，病情好转后改为泊沙康唑单药应用。随访至2021年6月，3例患儿病情好转，未出现毛霉菌感染反复，原发病处于完全缓解状态。检索符合条件的中文文献7篇、英文文献17篇，共25例儿童ALL合并毛霉菌病患儿。结合本组3例，28例中11例鼻眶脑型，4例肺型，2例皮肤型，2例胃肠道型，9例播散型。17例发生于诱导化疗期间，8例发生于维持化疗期间，3例发生于造血干细胞移植后。15例曾应用伏立康唑治疗。19例药物联合手术治疗，7例单纯药物治疗，2例未治疗。21例经治疗后好转，7例死亡。 结论： ALL合并毛霉菌病多发生于诱导化疗阶段，临床表现缺乏特异性。早期行mNGS可协助明确病原体，为明确诊断提供依据。病情需要时联合外科手术治疗，有助于改善预后。.