Stigma Levels Toward Psychiatric Patients Among Medical Students-A Worldwide Online Survey Across 65 Countries

Mateusz Babicki; Monika Małecka; Krzysztof Kowalski; Bogna Bogudzińska; Patryk Piotrowski

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.798909

Stigma Levels Toward Psychiatric Patients Among Medical Students-A Worldwide Online Survey Across 65 Countries

Front Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 13:12:798909. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.798909. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Mateusz Babicki¹, Monika Małecka², Krzysztof Kowalski², Bogna Bogudzińska³, Patryk Piotrowski^{2

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Affiliations

¹ Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
² Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
³ Students' Scientific Group at the Faculty of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
⁴ Section of Epidemiology and Social Psychiatry, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
⁵ Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.

Abstract

Background: According to epidemiological data, over 450 million people worldwide suffer from mental disorders, presenting one of the major challenges of modern medicine. In their everyday lives, patients, in addition to fighting the disease itself, often struggle with stigmatization. This phenomenon negatively affects both the diagnostic and therapeutic processes, as well as the patients' everyday functioning. This study aimed to assess stigma attitudes toward psychiatry and psychiatric patients among undergraduate medical students. Methods: This study used a Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI), which included the standardized items from the Mental Illness: Clinicians' Attitudes (MICA-2) scale to evaluate stigma. The study was disseminated via the internet to students from medical universities from 65 countries worldwide. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. The study involved 1,216 students from these 65 countries. Most of the sample were women, and most were medical faculty students and students living in cities with more than 500,000 residents. Taking into consideration Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and Human Development Index (HDI) variables, it can be seen that there was a prevalence of medical students from highly developed countries. Results: For the whole sample, the mean MICA-2 score was 40.5 points. Women and medical and nursing students showed more positive attitudes toward psychiatric patients. Students from countries with the highest economic development levels also achieved statistically lower MICA-2 scores. Lower score means a more positive attitude. Conclusion: Stigma toward both psychiatry and psychiatric patients is common among undergraduate medical students. Female students and respondents with a history of mental disorders in countries with high HDI and GDP per capita indices show more favorable attitudes than other medical students. There is a need to further our understanding of the problem of stigmatization, both among the general population and among medical personnel, and to implement and maintain appropriate measures to reduce stigma toward psychiatry.

Keywords: human developing index (HDI) resource curse; medical students; mental disorder; mental health; stigma attitude.