Nanoemulsions containing Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract for topical applications: Development, characterization, and in vitro percutaneous penetration assay

PLoS One. 2021 Dec 23;16(12):e0261792. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261792. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

A highly stable oil-in-water nanoemulsion for topical applications, containing mangostins extracted from the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), is a promising strategy to protect mangostins as well as to improve penetration of these important antioxidants through the skins. Nanoemulsions consisted of virgin coconut oil as the oil phase, Tween-80 and Span-80 as surfactants, and xanthan gum as the thickening agent, were prepared using the high-energy and low-energy emulsification methods. The nanoemulsions that were stable up to 28 days had oil droplet diameter of 220 nm to 353 nm and zeta potential of -46.9 mV to -63.7 mV. The accelerated stability test showed that the most stable nanoemulsions were those prepared using the low-energy emulsification method with an estimated shelf life of eleven months, composed of 11% oil phase, 17% surfactant, and 72% aqueous phase. The in vitro percutaneous penetration test for the nanoemulsion with added xanthan gum provided high cumulative skin penetration of mangostins of up to 114 μg/cm2. The results of this study indicate that virgin coconut oil-based nanoemulsions containing mangostins, prepared using the low-energy emulsification method, stabilized by xanthan gum and mixed at 40°C can prospectively be used for topical applications.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Administration, Topical
  • Animals
  • Emulsions / chemistry
  • Emulsions / pharmacokinetics
  • Emulsions / pharmacology
  • Garcinia mangostana / chemistry*
  • Mice
  • Nanoparticles* / chemistry
  • Nanoparticles* / therapeutic use
  • Plant Extracts* / chemistry
  • Plant Extracts* / pharmacokinetics
  • Plant Extracts* / pharmacology
  • Polysaccharides, Bacterial / chemistry
  • Polysaccharides, Bacterial / pharmacokinetics
  • Polysaccharides, Bacterial / pharmacology
  • Polysorbates / chemistry
  • Polysorbates / pharmacokinetics
  • Polysorbates / pharmacology
  • Skin Absorption*
  • Surface-Active Agents / chemistry
  • Surface-Active Agents / pharmacokinetics
  • Surface-Active Agents / pharmacology

Substances

  • Emulsions
  • Plant Extracts
  • Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  • Polysorbates
  • Surface-Active Agents
  • xanthan gum

Grants and funding

This research was funded through the PUTI Q1 research scheme awarded by Universitas Indonesia to EAK, grant number NKB-1434/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.