Methods: Two patients, one 5-year-old and one 7-year-old, both presented with congestive heart failure in the newborn period and were subsequently treated in the newborn period with multiple, staged TAEs with n-BCA for choroidal VGAMs.
Results: We achieved progressive reduction in shunting and flow but were unable to accomplish complete closure of the malformation: in both patients, a small residual with numerous perforators persisted. The decision was made to perform TVE using the CHPC. In this technique, a guiding catheter is placed transjugular into the straight sinus (SS). One or two detachable tip microcatheters are advanced to the origin of the SS. Another microcatheter is advanced and the tip placed between the distal marker and the detachment zone of the former. Coils and n-BCA are used to prevent reflux of Onyx.
Conclusions: In this study, we recognized two important factors of traditional VGAM treatment that may cause interventionalists to consider the ChPC to treat VGAM: (1) without liquid embolic, deployed coils may not occlude the fistula entirely. (2) There is the concern of causing delayed bleeding should the arterial component of the fistula rupture. ChPC ameliorates these issues by offering complete closure of the fistula with liquid embolic material in TVE.
Keywords: AVM; embolization; pressure cooker; transvenous; vein of galen.