With the development of nanomedicine, studies focus on self-assembled nanoplatforms to reduce the toxicity of paclitaxel (PTX), promote the immune function at low-toxicity PTX, and achieve tumor synergistic therapy. Herein, a new nanoplatform was prepared with self-assembled 5-hydroxydopamine (DA)-PTX@tannic acid (TA)-Fe3+ nanoparticles (TDPP NPs) by consolidation of targeted DA-PTX and TA with the assistance of coordination between polyphenols and Fe3+. The polyphenol-based TDPP NPs can reduce the toxicity of PTX and thereby realize the in vitro and in vivo synergistic effect against tumors. The low-toxicity TDPP NPs can enhance the expression of CD40 immune protein. Moreover, the TDPP NPs possessed a small size (52.2±4 nm), high drug loading efficiency (95%), and stable pharmacokinetics, ensuring high tumor accumulation of TDPP NPs by enhanced permeability and retention effect. Our work sheds new light on the nanoformulation of PTX with low toxicity and synergistic therapy effect, which may find clinical applications in the future.