Predictive biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in adult Canadian population

Punam Pahwa; Luan Chu; Chandima Karunanayake; Palok Aich; Markus Hecker; Anurag Saxena; Philip Griebel; Som Niyogi

doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00842-y

Predictive biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in adult Canadian population

J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021 Jul 17;20(2):1199-1209. doi: 10.1007/s40200-021-00842-y. eCollection 2021 Dec.

Authors

Punam Pahwa^{1

2}, Luan Chu², Chandima Karunanayake², Palok Aich³, Markus Hecker⁴, Anurag Saxena⁵, Philip Griebel⁶, Som Niyogi⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
² Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
³ School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, PO: Khurda, 752050 Jatni, Odisha India.
⁴ School of Environment & Sustainability & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
⁵ College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
⁶ School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
⁷ Department of Biology and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, , Saskatoon, Canada.

Abstract

Background: Elevated levels of the enzymes gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective: To assess cross-sectional relationships between biomarkers GGT, ALT, AST, ALP and CVD in adult Canadian population.

Methods: The Canadian Health Measures Surveys (CHMSs) are a series of cross-sectional national surveys and collect information on indicators of general health and wellness of Canadians. The CHMS has four components. We used data from the first three components (for Study participants ≥ 20 years) from CHMS cycles 1 through 5.

Results: Multivariable logistic regression revealed: immigration status [Odds ratio (OR)(95% Confidence Interval (95% CI)) = 0.67 (0.53-0.85), reference category (RC)-no-immigrant] education [1.38(1.10-1.75), RC- > secondary education]; smoking status [ex-smokers: 1.16(0.89-1.51); current smokers: 1.41(0.98-2.05), RC-non-smoker]; and income [middle income: 0.69(0.43-1.10); high income: 0.49(0.29-0.83); RC-lower income] were significantly associated with CVD prevalence.

Conclusion: The relationship of GGT with CVD prevalence changed among age groups and body mass index categories; was different for males and females; and diabetes was an effect modifier in the relationship between AST and CVD prevalence. Socio-economic factors were significantly associated with CVD prevalence.

Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase; Aspartate aminotransferase; C-reactive protein; Cardiovascular disease; Gamma glutamyltransferase.