In vitro motions of the medial and lateral proximal sesamoid bones under mid-stance load conditions are consistent with racehorse fracture configurations

Abstract

Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fractures in racehorses are likely fatigue fractures that occur due to repetitive loads and stress remodeling. The loading circumstances that may induce damage in the PSBs are not well understood. The goal of this study was to determine in three-dimensions, PSB motions relative to the opposing metacarpal condyle during simulated mid-stance loads. Seven equine cadaveric forelimbs were axially loaded in a material testing system to simulate standing and mid-stance walk, trot, and gallop load conditions (1.8-10.5 kN). Joint angles were determined by tracking the positions of bone-fixed kinematic markers. Internal-external rotation, abduction-adduction, and flexion-extension of each PSB relative to the third metacarpal condyle were compared between loads and between PSBs using an ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests for pairwise comparisons. The medial PSB rotated externally and the lateral PSB apex abducted during limb loading. Medial PSB external rotation was significantly greater at the gallop load condition than at the walk or trot load conditions. The medial and lateral PSB motions observed in this study are consistent with location of fatigue damage and fracture configurations frequently seen in medial and lateral PSBs from Thoroughbred racehorses. Specifically, medial PSB external rotation is consistent with the development of an abaxial subchondral medial PSB lesion that is reported in association with medial PSB transverse fracture and lateral PSB abduction is consistent with axial longitudinal fracture of the lateral PSB.

Keywords: Bone Fracture; Kinematics; Racehorses.