It is known that channel engineering, including the construction of piers, will change the river hydrodynamic characteristics, which is a significant factor affecting the transport process of pollutants. With this regard, this study uses the well-validated and tested hydrodynamic module and transport module of MIKE 21 to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality under various pier densities in the Wuhan reach. Hydrodynamic changes around the piers show spatial differences, which are similar under different discharges. The range and amplitude of hydrodynamic spatial variations increase with the increase in pier density. However, there is a critical value of 1.25 to 2.5 units/km. When the pier density is less than this critical value, this type of cumulative effect is the most significant. Additionally, greater changes can be found in chemical oxygen demand concentrations, which also show spatial and temporal variations. The area with high chemical oxygen demand concentration upstream and downstream from the engineering area exhibits the distribution characteristics of "decrease in the downstream area and increase in the upstream area" and "increase in downstream the area and decrease in the upstream area" respectively. In the reach section of the engineering area, the area with high chemical oxygen demand concentration increases in the front area near the piers and decreases near the shoreline. Furthermore, the concentration shows attenuation actions with a longer residence time owing to the buffering effect of pier groups. These results have significant implications on shoreline planning and utilization. Moreover, they provide scientific guidelines for water management.