Introduction: A deficiency of glycogen debrancher enzyme in patients with glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) manifests with hepatic, cardiac, and muscle involvement in the most common subtype (type a), or with only hepatic involvement in patients with GSD IIIb.
Objective and methods: To describe longitudinal biochemical, radiological, muscle strength and ambulation, liver histopathological findings, and clinical outcomes in adults (≥18 years) with glycogen storage disease type III, by a retrospective review of medical records.
Results: Twenty-one adults with GSD IIIa (14 F & 7 M) and four with GSD IIIb (1 F & 3 M) were included in this natural history study. At the most recent visit, the median (range) age and follow-up time were 36 (19-68) and 16 years (0-41), respectively. For the entire cohort: 40% had documented hypoglycemic episodes in adulthood; hepatomegaly and cirrhosis were the most common radiological findings; and 28% developed decompensated liver disease and portal hypertension, the latter being more prevalent in older patients. In the GSD IIIa group, muscle weakness was a major feature, noted in 89% of the GSD IIIa cohort, a third of whom depended on a wheelchair or an assistive walking device. Older individuals tended to show more severe muscle weakness and mobility limitations, compared with younger adults. Asymptomatic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was the most common cardiac manifestation, present in 43%. Symptomatic cardiomyopathy and reduced ejection fraction was evident in 10%. Finally, a urinary biomarker of glycogen storage (Glc4) was significantly associated with AST, ALT and CK.
Conclusion: GSD III is a multisystem disorder in which a multidisciplinary approach with regular clinical, biochemical, radiological and functional (physical therapy assessment) follow-up is required. Despite dietary modification, hepatic and myopathic disease progression is evident in adults, with muscle weakness as the major cause of morbidity. Consequently, definitive therapies that address the underlying cause of the disease to correct both liver and muscle are needed.
Keywords: AFP, Alpha-fetoprotein; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; BG, Blood glucose; BMI, Body mass index; CEA, Carcinoembryonic antigen; CPK, Creatine phosphokinase; CT scan, Computerized tomography scan; Cardiomyopathy; Cirrhosis; DM, Diabetes mellitus; GDE, Glycogen debrancher enzyme; GGT, Gamma glutamyl transferase; GSD, Glycogen storage disease; Glc4, Glucose tetrasaccharide; Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III); HDL, High density lipoprotein; Hypoglycemia; LDL, Low density lipoproteins; LT, liver transplantation.; Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; TGs, Triglycerides; US, Ultrasound; and myopathy.
© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.