Various bifurcations in the development of stem cells

Lianyu Chen; Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash; Sajad Jafari; Karthikeyan Rajagopal; Iqtadar Hussain

doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00322-7

Various bifurcations in the development of stem cells

Eur Phys J Spec Top. 2022;231(5):1015-1021. doi: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00322-7. Epub 2021 Nov 13.

Authors

Lianyu Chen¹, Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash^{2

3}, Sajad Jafari^{4

5}, Karthikeyan Rajagopal⁶, Iqtadar Hussain⁷

Affiliations

¹ School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001 China.
² Electrical Engineering Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kirkuk Rd., Erbil, Kurdistan Iraq.
³ School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, 40m St., Erbil, Kurdistan Iraq.
⁴ Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413 Iran.
⁵ Health Technology Research Institute, Amirkabir University of Technology, No.350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, 159163-4311 Iran.
⁶ Center for Nonlinear Systems, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
⁷ Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar.

Abstract

Cell development from an undifferentiated stem cell to a differentiated one is essential in forming an organism. In this paper, various bifurcations of a stem cell during this process are studied using a model based on Furusawa and Kaneko's hypothesis. Furusawa and Kaneko's hypothesis tells that the gene expression of stem cells is chaotic. By developing to a differentiated cell, the gene expression in more order, which is the cause of losing pluripotency. In this model, the chaotic dynamics of gene expression in the stem cells become ordered during the developments. Various patterns and bifurcation points can be seen during development. The bifurcation points and their predictions during the process of cell development are studied in this paper. Some well-known critical slowing down indicators are used to show the variations of slowness during the cell's development and predict the bifurcation points. It is vital since the unexpected changes of the state can cause a disaster. All of the indicators have a proper trend by approaching the bifurcation points and faring away.