The Atlas of social inequalities in the use of medicines for the treatment of the major chronic diseases is the first national report published on social inequalities in the context of pharmaceutical care in Italy. The results highlighted how the socioeconomic position was strongly correlated with the use of medicines: for many therapeutic categories, the highest per capita consumption rates were recorded in the areas with a higher socioeconomic deprivation index. On the other hand, no correlations emerged between the level of deprivation and adherence and persistence to pharmacological treatment.