Phytoremediation has widely been recognised as an eco-system friendly and effective technique for soil remediation. However, this method is generally slow, and most plants used for phytoextraction are incapable of thriving in crude oil polluted soils with high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon. Hence, organic stimulants were developed for accelerating the phytoremediation of crude oil polluted soils by enhancing the growth of cowpea through nutrient supplementation, and increasing the bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbon by saponification. Moringa and pawpaw seeds are high in plant available nutrients and contain saponin, a phytochemical that increases the bioavailability of contaminants. Although both seeds and moringa seed powder have been used for water purification, they have not been explored in soil remediation studies. For these reasons, pawpaw seeds were processed into powdery form to increase their surface area as organic stimulants for enhancing phytoremediation of crude oil polluted soil. This study investigates the performance of pawpaw seed powder, relative to moringa seed powder, in increasing the removal rate of petroleum hydrocarbon by cowpea under crude oil polluted soil conditions. The key functions of the newly developed organic stimulant include:•Increased bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbon for phytoextraction.•Enhanced shoot production in cowpea.•Increased capacity of cowpea to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from soils.
Keywords: Moringa seed powder; Pawpaw seed powder; Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination; Phytoremediation; Soil pollution.
© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.