Epstein-Barr Virus: An Infrequent Pathogen of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India

Rahul Dhodapkar; Mugunthan M; Kalpana Thangavelu; Monika Sivaradjy; Kowsalya Veerappan; Anitha Gunalan

doi:10.7759/cureus.18207

Epstein-Barr Virus: An Infrequent Pathogen of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India

Cureus. 2021 Sep 23;13(9):e18207. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18207. eCollection 2021 Sep.

Authors

Rahul Dhodapkar¹, Mugunthan M², Kalpana Thangavelu², Monika Sivaradjy¹, Kowsalya Veerappan¹, Anitha Gunalan¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND.
² Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, IND.

Abstract

Context: Acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) is characterized by a sudden onset of raised body temperature and is a common cause of hospital admission though not recognized as a disease state by the World Health Organization. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is reported to account for a significant occurrence of AUFI cases.

Aim: To know the role of EBV infection as a cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI).

Settings and design: We have used the combination of EBV serological assays to establish the role of the Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness.

Methods and material: A total of 721 suspected cases of acute undifferentiated febrile illness which were tested negative for other common causes of acute febrile illness were selected for the study. Serum samples collected from these cases were tested for the presence of the EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM antibody. All positive serum samples were tested for the presence of EBV Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) IgG.

Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was performed with the help of Microsoft Excel software (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA). Results: Out of 721 suspected AUFI cases tested for EBV VCA IgM antibodies, 117 samples were positive and 604 were negative. All these 117 samples were tested for EBV EBNA IgG antibodies in which 88 were positive and 29 were negative. In our study, we found that around 4% (positive for VCA IgM and negative for EBNA IgG) of AUFI cases can be attributed to primary acute EBV infection.

Conclusions: EBV infection should be considered particularly in AUFI cases of less than five years of age even in those who do not meet the typical presentation of fever, lymphadenopathy and sore throat. Our study should help to raise awareness regarding the possibility of EBV infection particularly in AUFI cases. A high index of suspicion and timely diagnosis will definitely help clinicians to avoid a battery of investigations and misuse of antibiotics in cases of AUFI.

Keywords: acute undifferentiated febrile illness; ebv serology; epstein-barr nuclear antigen; epstein-barr virus; viral capsid antigen.