Objective: To explore the clinical utility of bronchoscopy and transbronchial cryotherapy in children with tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB). Methods: Retrospective study was conducted to collect the clinical data of 10 hospitalized children who underwent bronchoscopy and were diagnosed as TBTB and in the Department of Pediatrics of Peking University First Hospital and the Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2011 to October 2019. The clinical characteristics of TBTB in children, and the efficacy and safety of bronchoscopy and transbronchial cryotherapy were summarized through descriptive analysis. Results: The onset age of 10 children (6 males and 4 females) ranged from 1-14 years. The clinical manifestations included fever (8/10), cough (7/10) and hemoptysis (2/10). Purified protein derivative test and interferon-γ release assay were performed in 9 and 10 patients respectively, the results were all positive. Chest CT examination was performed in all patients, and 8 patients had hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. All patients underwent pediatric bronchoscopy in time, in 9 patients bronchus was found to be blocked in varying degrees by granulation tissue and caseous necrosis and in the remaining patient, obvious congestion and edema in bronchial mucosa. The bronchoscopic manifestations included 8 cases of lymph node fistula type, 1 case of granulation proliferative type and 1 case of inflammatory infiltration type. Pathological biopsies were performed in 7 cases, the findings were consistent with the pathological characteristics of tuberculosis. Nine patients were treated by pediatric bronchoscopic intervention, with 8 transbronchial cryotherapy by flexible bronchoscopy, and among them, 2 patients were treated by simultaneous rigid bronchoscopy. After 1-3 times of transbronchial cryotherapy, the blocked bronchial lumina in 8 cases were all recanalized, and the curative effect was significant without any serious complications. Conclusions: Bronchoscopy plays an important role in the diagnosis of TBTB in children and is helpful for its classification. Also, transbronchial cryotherapy has good efficacy and safety for TBTB in children, especially for the granuloproliferative type or lymph node fistula type.
目的： 探讨支气管镜检查及冷冻介入在儿童气管支气管结核（TBTB）中的临床应用价值。 方法： 回顾性研究，收集2011年1月至2019年10月就诊于北京大学第一医院儿科及温州医科大学附属第二医院育英儿童医院儿童呼吸科，进行支气管镜检查并确诊为TBTB的10例住院患儿的临床资料，描述性分析儿童TBTB的临床特征及经支气管镜冷冻介入的疗效与安全性。 结果： 10例患儿（男6例、女4例）发病年龄为1~14岁。临床表现为发热8例，咳嗽7例，伴咯血2例。9例患儿进行结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物试验，10例患儿行γ-干扰素释放试验，结果均为阳性。10例患儿行胸部CT检查，8例存在肺门和（或）纵隔淋巴结肿大。10例患儿及时行儿科支气管镜检查，镜下见新生肉芽组织和（或）干酪样坏死物不同程度堵塞各支气管9例；余1例支气管黏膜存在明显充血水肿。患儿支气管镜下分型为淋巴结瘘型8例、肉芽增殖型1例、炎症浸润型1例。其中7例留取标本送病理组织活检，均符合结核病理表现。9例进行儿科支气管镜介入治疗的TBTB患儿中，8例行可弯曲支气管镜下冷冻疗法（包括2例联合应用硬质支气管镜术）。经支气管镜冷冻治疗1~3次后，患儿原堵塞的各支气管管腔均转为通畅，疗效显著，且均无出现严重并发症。 结论： 支气管镜检查对儿童TBTB有重要的诊断价值，且有助于其分型。经支气管镜冷冻介入对儿童TBTB治疗具有较好的疗效和安全性，尤其适用于淋巴结瘘型和肉芽增殖型。.