Detection of Profenofos in Chinese Kale, Cabbage, and Chili Spur Pepper Using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared and Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopies

Atchara Sankom; Warapa Mahakarnchanakul; Ronnarit Rittiron; Tanaboon Sajjaanantakul; Thammasak Thongket

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c03674

Detection of Profenofos in Chinese Kale, Cabbage, and Chili Spur Pepper Using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared and Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopies

ACS Omega. 2021 Sep 23;6(40):26404-26415. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03674. eCollection 2021 Oct 12.

Authors

Atchara Sankom^{1

2}, Warapa Mahakarnchanakul^{1

2}, Ronnarit Rittiron³, Tanaboon Sajjaanantakul¹, Thammasak Thongket⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
² Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
³ Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
⁴ Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.

Abstract

Different types of quantitative technology based on infrared spectroscopy to detect profenofos were compared based on Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR; 12,500-4000 cm^-1) and Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR; 4000-400 cm^-1) spectroscopies. Standard solutions in the range of 0.1-100 mg/L combined with the dry-extract system for infrared (DESIR) technique were analyzed. Based on partial least-squares regression (PLSR) to develop a calibration equation, FT-NIR-PLSR produced the best prediction of profenofos residues based on the values for R ² (0.87), standard error of prediction or SEP (11.68 mg/L), root-mean-square error of prediction or RMSEP (11.50 mg/L), bias (-0.81 mg/L), and ratio performance to deviation or RPD (2.81). In addition, FT-MIR-PLSR produced the best prediction of profenofos residues based on the values for R ² (0.83), SEP (13.10 mg/L), RMSEP (13.00 mg/L), bias (1.46 mg/L), and RPD (2.49). Based on the ease of use and appropriate sample preparation, FT-NIR-PLSR combined with DESIR was chosen to detect profenofos in Chinese kale, cabbage, and chili spur pepper at concentrations of 0.53-106.28 mg/kg. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to obtain the actual values. The best FT-NIR-PLSR equation provided good profenofos detection in all vegetables based on values for R ² (0.88-0.97), SEP (5.27-11.07 mg/kg), RMSEP (5.25-11.00 mg/kg), bias (-1.39 to 1.30 mg/kg), and RPD (2.91-5.22). These statistics revealed no significant differences between the FT-NIR predicted values and actual values at a confidence interval of 95%, with agreeable results presented at pesticide residue levels over 30 mg/kg. FT-NIR spectroscopy combined with DESIR and PLSR should be considered as a promising screening method for pesticide detection in vegetables.