High Sitting Time Is a Behavioral Risk Factor for Blunted Improvement in Depression Across 8 Weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic in April-May 2020

Jacob D Meyer; John O'Connor; Cillian P McDowell; Jeni E Lansing; Cassandra S Brower; Matthew P Herring

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741433

High Sitting Time Is a Behavioral Risk Factor for Blunted Improvement in Depression Across 8 Weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic in April-May 2020

Front Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 1:12:741433. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741433. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Jacob D Meyer¹, John O'Connor², Cillian P McDowell², Jeni E Lansing¹, Cassandra S Brower¹, Matthew P Herring³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
² The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³ Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has elicited increased sedentary behaviors, decreased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and worsened mental health, yet the longitudinal impact of these changes and their inter-relations remains unknown. Our purpose was to examine associations between changes in self-reported activity behaviors and mental health over an 8-week period following the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants from all 50 states and the District of Colombia were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling at baseline April 3-10, 2020. Prospective data from 2,327 US adults with ≥2 responses (63.8% female; 74.3% response rate) were collected weekly via online survey for eight consecutive weeks (April 3-June 3, 2020). Primary exposures were self-reported time spent sitting, viewing screens and in MVPA, with primary outcomes being depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and positive mental health (PMH). A significant sitting-by-time interaction (p < 0.05) showed slightly higher marginal effects for depressive symptoms for the 90th-percentile of sitting time than the 10th-percentile at baseline (5.8 [95% confidence interval = 5.5-6.2] vs. 5.7 [5.4-6.1]), with the difference magnifying over time (week 8: 3.5 [3.2-3.9] vs. 2.7 [2.4-2.9]). No other interactions over time were significant. Screen time was negatively associated with PMH and positively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms (p < 0.05). Sitting time was negatively associated with PMH (p < 0.05). Rapid changes in sitting patterns (e.g., due to a pandemic) may have lasting effects on depressive symptoms. Strategies targeting those most affected (i.e., young adults, females) and/or focused on reducing sitting time may be critical for preventing long-term mental health effects resulting from COVID-19 or other large-scale behavior changes in the general population.

Keywords: COVID-19; anxiety; depression; exercise; longitudinal; positive mental health; screen time; sedentary.