Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) induced by metabolites of thermophilous fungi Acrophialophora levis

PLoS One. 2021 Oct 14;16(10):e0258607. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258607. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) remains one of the major concerns of healthcare associated and community-onset infections worldwide. The number of cases of treatment failure for infections associated with resistant bacteria is on the rise, due to the decreasing efficacy of current antibiotics. Notably, Acrophialophora levis, a thermophilous fungus species, showed antibacterial activity, namely against S. aureus and clinical MRSA strains. The ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate was found to display significant activity against S. aureus and MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated drastic changes in the cellular architecture of metabolite treated cells of S. aureus and an MRSA clinical isolate. Cell wall disruption, membrane lysis and probable leakage of cytoplasmic are hallmarks of the antibacterial effect of fungal metabolites against MRSA. The ethyl acetate extract also showed strong antioxidant activity using two different complementary free radicals scavenging methods, DPPH and ABTS with efficiency of 55% and 47% at 1 mg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be 50 mg/GAE and 20 mg/CAE, respectively. More than ten metabolites from different classes were identified: phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpenes, tannins, lignans and flavonoids. In conclusion, the significant antibacterial activity renders this fungal strain as a bioresource for natural compounds an interesting alternative against resistant bacteria.

MeSH terms

  • Acetates / chemistry
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / chemistry
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology*
  • Antioxidants / chemistry
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology*
  • Biological Factors / chemistry
  • Biological Factors / pharmacology*
  • Flavonoids / isolation & purification
  • Hydroxybenzoates / isolation & purification
  • India
  • Lignans / isolation & purification
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / drug effects
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / ultrastructure*
  • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  • Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  • Sesquiterpenes / isolation & purification
  • Sordariales / chemistry*
  • Tannins / isolation & purification

Substances

  • Acetates
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Biological Factors
  • Flavonoids
  • Hydroxybenzoates
  • Lignans
  • Sesquiterpenes
  • Tannins
  • ethyl acetate
  • phenolic acid

Supplementary concepts

  • Acrophialophora levis

Grants and funding

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.