3-Methylglutaconic aciduria in carriers of primary carnitine deficiency

Abstract

The etiology of secondary 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA-uria) is not well understood although is thought to be a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction. For this reason, suspicion for a secondary 3-MGA-uria often leads to an extensive clinical and laboratory work-up for mitochondrial disease, although in many cases evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction is never found. 3-methylglutaconic aciduria in healthy individuals without known metabolic disease has not been well described. Here, we describe clinical and biochemical features of 23 individuals evaluated at the Greenwood Genetic Center for low plasma free carnitine reported on newborn screening. Of the 23 individuals evaluated, four individuals were diagnosed with primary carnitine deficiency, 16 were identified as carriers for primary carnitine deficiency, and three individuals were determined to be unaffected non-carriers based on molecular and biochemical testing. Elevated 3-MGA (>20 mmol/mol of creatinine) was identified in nine carriers of primary carnitine deficiency, while all unaffected non carriers and all affected individuals with primary carnitine deficiency had a normal 3-MGA level (<20 mmol/mol of creatinine). Average 3-MGA among all carriers was 39.66 mmol/mol of creatinine. Average plasma free carnitine in among all carriers (n = 16) was 13.87 μm/L, and average plasma free carnitine was not significantly different between carriers with and those without elevated 3-MGA (p = 0.66). In summary, we describe elevated 3-MGA as a discriminatory feature in nine healthy carriers of primary carnitine deficiency. Our findings suggest that heterozygosity for pathogenic alterations on SLC22A5 should be considered in the differential for individuals with persistent 3-MGA-uria of unclear etiology.

Keywords: 3-MGA; 3-Methylglutaconic acid; 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria; Carrier of metabolic disease; Primary carnitine deficiency.