1 Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK. viknesh.sounderajah08@imperial.ac.uk.
2 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK. viknesh.sounderajah08@imperial.ac.uk.
3 Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK.
4 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
5 Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
6 Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
7 Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
8 Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Chicago, IL, USA.
9 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
10 Salesforce Research, San Francisco, CA, USA.
11 Google Health, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
12 Wellcome Trust, London, UK.
13 Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
14 Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
15 University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
16 Department of Clinical Pathology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
17 Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
18 NHSX, London, UK.
19 Optum, London, UK.
20 Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK.
21 Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.
22 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.
23 Department of Pediatrics, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Inserm UMR 1153, Necker- Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
24 Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
25 Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
26 Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
27 Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
28 Department of Bioethics, The Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
29 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
30 Annals of Internal Medicine, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
31 Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
32 University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
33 Health Data Research UK, London, UK.
34 Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK.
35 Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
36 NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
37 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
38 Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
39 Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.m.bossuyt@amsterdamumc.nl.
40 Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK. a.darzi@imperial.ac.uk.
41 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK. a.darzi@imperial.ac.uk.