Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure failure prediction in preterm infants less than 32 weeks gestational age suffering from respiratory distress syndrome

Valentina Dell'Orto; Stefano Nobile; Alessio Correani; Paolo Marchionni; Ilaria Giretti; Clementina Rondina; Ilaria Burattini; Maria L Palazzi; Virgilio P Carnielli

doi:10.1002/ppul.25678

Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure failure prediction in preterm infants less than 32 weeks gestational age suffering from respiratory distress syndrome

Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Dec;56(12):3879-3886. doi: 10.1002/ppul.25678. Epub 2021 Oct 5.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Neonatology, Mother and Child Department, G. Salesi University Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
² Department of Mother, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
³ Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.

PMID: 34610212
DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25678

Abstract

Background: Early continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and surfactant replacement are effective treatments for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). CPAP is the first line in preterm infants needing respiratory support, with surfactant replacement in case of CPAP failure (CPAP-F).

Objectives: To analyze incidence and factors associated with CPAP-F in preterm infants with RDS.

Design, setting and patients: Single-center retrospective database analysis (2004-2017) of inborn infants, gestational age (GA) 24 + 0/7-31 + 6/7 weeks, not intubated on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, managed with CPAP. CPAP-F was defined as intubation and surfactant administration in the first 72 h of life; CPAP success (CPAP-S) was CPAP alone without need for additional RDS treatments. Demographic, respiratory, and clinical data associated with CPAP-F were studied using logistic regression analysis.

Results: A total of 562 infants met the inclusion criteria: 252 (44.8%) were CPAP-F and 310 (55.2%) were CPAP-S. The CPAP-F, compared to CPAP-S group, had lower GA and birth weight, and were less likely to receive antenatal steroids or to be vaginal births. Logistic regression showed that the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂ ) ≥ 0.23 between 180 and 240 min of life (FiO₂ 180-240 min) was the strongest factor associated with CPAP-F (odds ratio: 16.01 [95% confidence interval: 10.34-24.81]).

Conclusion: FiO₂ 180-240 min was highly predictive of CPAP-F in preterm infants. With this model for surfactant administration/CPAP-F, 11.2% of infants would have unnecessarily received treatment, but importantly, 27.7% would have been treated much earlier, with a potential reduction in air leaks and duration of mechanical ventilation.

Keywords: continuous positive airway pressure; infant; newborn; premature; respiratory distress syndrome; surfactant.

MeSH terms

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Female
Gestational Age
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature
Pregnancy
Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn* / epidemiology
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn* / therapy
Retrospective Studies