Wooden Polymer Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride), Olive Pits Flour, and Precipitated Bio-Calcium Carbonate

Salah F Abdellah Ali; Ibrahim O Althobaiti; E El-Rafey; Ehab S Gad

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c02932

Wooden Polymer Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride), Olive Pits Flour, and Precipitated Bio-Calcium Carbonate

ACS Omega. 2021 Sep 13;6(37):23924-23933. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02932. eCollection 2021 Sep 21.

Authors

Salah F Abdellah Ali^{1

2}, Ibrahim O Althobaiti¹, E El-Rafey², Ehab S Gad^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Gurayat 77217, Saudi Arabia.
² Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
³ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.

Abstract

As a filler to be inserted into poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), low-cost olive pits flour (OPF) and precipitated bio-calcium carbonate (PBCC)-produced PVC/OPF/PBCC composites have been used with high stability and rigidity compared to PVC. Hydrogen bonding is generated between OH cellulose in OPF and H in PVC. Composite tensile modulus increased in PVC grid in the presence of PBCC and OPF, possibly because of a filler restriction effect on the polymer chains. The hardness also increased as both OPF and PBCC increased. The mechanical tendency of the PVC/OPF composite was improved by adding a low content of PBCC particles with the PVC network, resulting in a smart distribution in the range of 10% by weight, and it was reduced by adding more than that percentage. The successful distribution of PBCC in PVC/OPF composite strengthened the mechanical path. The morphology and possible interface adhesion of components in the composite were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PVC SEM images showed a homogeneous, smart, and consistent surface, while the PVC/60 wt % OPF SEM images showed a large number of voids that suggested weak PVC/OPF interactions. The SEM images showed outstanding PBCC distribution in the PVC/OPF matrix for the PVC/50 wt % OPF/10 wt % PBCC composite. Due to the accumulation of PBCC particles producing cavities, the distribution of particles became nonhomogeneous at percentages above 10 wt %. At a low filler material, better spread of PBCC particles in the PVC grid was achieved. Owing to the polarity of OPF, the H₂O absorption and thickness swelling of PVC/OPF/PBCC composites showed higher amounts than PVC. PBCC improved the thermal stabilization and the neutralization of Cl^- negative ions as an acid acceptor of secondary PVC stabilization.