Background: Sarcopenia is defined as decreased skeletal muscle mass and muscle functions (strength and physical performance). Muscle mass is measured by specific methods, such as bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. However, the devices used for these methods are costly and are usually not portable. A simple tool to screen for sarcopenia without measuring muscle mass might be practical, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to design a simple screening tool and to validate its performance in screening for sarcopenia in older adult cancer patients scheduled for elective surgery.
Methods: Cancer surgical patients aged >60 years were enrolled. Their nutritional statuses were evaluated using the Mini Nutrition Assessment-Short Form. Sarcopenia was assessed using Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Four screening formulas with differing combinations of factors (muscle strength, physical performance, and nutritional status) were assessed. The validities of the formulas, compared with the AWGS definition, are presented as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under a receiver operating characteristic curve.
Results: Of 251 enrolled surgical patients, 84 (34%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. Malnutrition (odds ratio [OR]: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.40-5.93); underweight status (OR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.06-7.43); and age increments of 5 years (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.41-2.24) were independent predictors of preoperative sarcopenia. The combination of low muscle strength and/or abnormal physical performance, plus malnutrition/risk of malnutrition had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (81.0%, 78.4%, and 79.3%, respectively). This screening formula estimated the probability of sarcopenia with a positive predictive value of 65.4% and a negative predictive value of 89.1%.
Conclusion: Sarcopenia screening can be performed using a simple tool. The combination of low muscle strength and/or abnormal physical performance, plus malnutrition/risk of malnutrition, has the highest screening performance.