Diagnostic prediction of ovine fracture healing outcomes via a novel multi-location direct electromagnetic coupling antenna

Jakob G Wolynski; Kevin M Labus; Jeremiah T Easley; Branislav M Notaroš; Milan M Ilić; Christian M Puttlitz; Kirk C McGilvray

doi:10.21037/atm-21-1853

Diagnostic prediction of ovine fracture healing outcomes via a novel multi-location direct electromagnetic coupling antenna

Ann Transl Med. 2021 Aug;9(15):1223. doi: 10.21037/atm-21-1853.

Authors

Jakob G Wolynski¹, Kevin M Labus¹, Jeremiah T Easley², Branislav M Notaroš³, Milan M Ilić⁴, Christian M Puttlitz¹, Kirk C McGilvray¹

Affiliations

¹ Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
² Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
³ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
⁴ School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Abstract

Background: Expedient prediction of adverse bone fracture healing (delayed- or non-union) is necessary to advise secondary treatments for improving healing outcome to minimize patient suffering. Radiographic imaging, the current standard diagnostic, remains largely ineffective at predicting nonunions during the early stages of fracture healing resulting in mean nonunion diagnosis times exceeding six months. Thus, there remains a clinical deficit necessitating improved diagnostic techniques. It was hypothesized that adverse fracture healing expresses impaired biological progression at the fracture site, thus resulting in reduced temporal progression of fracture site stiffness which may be quantified prior to the appearance of radiographic indicators of fracture healing (i.e., calcified tissue).

Methods: A novel multi-location direct electromagnetic coupling antenna was developed to diagnose relative changes in the stiffness of fractures treated by metallic orthopaedic hardware. The efficacy of this diagnostic was evaluated during fracture healing simulated by progressive destabilization of cadaveric ovine metatarsals treated by locking plate fixation (n=8). An ovine in vivo comparative fracture study (n=8) was then utilized to better characterize the performance of the developed diagnostic in a clinically translatable setting. In vivo measurements using the developed diagnostic were compared to weekly radiographic images and postmortem biomechanical, histological, and micro computed tomography analyses.

Results: For all cadaveric samples, the novel direct electromagnetic coupling antenna displayed significant differences at the fracture site (P<0.05) when measuring a fully fractured sample versus partially intact and fully intact fracture states. In subsequent in vivo fracture models, this technology detected significant differences (P<0.001) in fractures trending towards delayed healing during the first 30 days post-fracture.

Conclusions: This technology, relative to traditional X-ray imaging, exhibits potential to greatly expedite clinical diagnosis of fracture nonunion, thus warranting additional technological development.

Keywords: Fracture healing; bone; diagnostic; nonunion; ovine.

Grants and funding

R01 AR069734/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States