The burden of serious fungal infections in Azerbaijan

Ravil M Huseynov; Samir S Javadov; Ali Osmanov; Shahin Khasiyev; Samira R Valiyeva; Esmira Almammadova; David W Denning

doi:10.1177/20499361211043969

The burden of serious fungal infections in Azerbaijan

Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 3:8:20499361211043969. doi: 10.1177/20499361211043969. eCollection 2021 Jan-Dec.

Authors

Ravil M Huseynov¹, Samir S Javadov², Ali Osmanov³, Shahin Khasiyev⁴, Samira R Valiyeva⁵, Esmira Almammadova⁵, David W Denning³

Affiliations

¹ The Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Mardanov Qardashlari 98, Baku, Azerbaijan.
² The Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
³ Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁴ The Department of Informatics and Statistics, Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan Republic, Baku, Azerbaijan.
⁵ Republican Centre for Combating AIDS, Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan Republic, Baku, Azerbaijan.

Abstract

Background: Azerbaijan is an upper middle-income country in South Caucasus with an area of 86,600 km² and a total population of 10 million people and gross domestic product of US $4480 per capita. The aim of this research is to estimate fungal infection burden and highlight the problem at national and international levels.

Methods: Fungal infection burden was estimated using data from epidemiological papers and population at risk and LIFE (Leading International Fungal Education) modelling.

Results: The number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) in 2018 was 6193, 29% of them not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Based on 90% and 20% rates of oral and oesophageal candidiasis in patients with CD4 cell count <200 µl^-1 we estimate 808 and 579 patients with oral and oesophageal candidiasis, respectively. The annual incidences of cryptococcal meningitis and Pneumocystis pneumonia are 5 and 55 cases, respectively. We estimated 2307 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), 4927 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), and 6504 with severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS). Using data on chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), lung cancer, acute myeloid leukaemia rates, and number of transplantations, we estimated 693 cases of invasive aspergillosis following these conditions. Using a low-European rate for invasive candidiasis, we estimated 499 and 75 patients with candidemia and intra-abdominal candidiasis respectively. The number of adult women (15-55 years) in Azerbaijan is ~2,658,000, so it was estimated that 159,490 women suffer from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rVVC).

Discussion: In total, the estimated number of people suffering from fungal diseases in Azerbaijan is 225,974 (2.3% of the population). However, the fungal rate is underestimated due to lack of epidemiological data. The most imminent need is improvement in diagnostic capabilities. This aim should be achieved via establishing a reference laboratory and equipping major clinical centers with essential diagnostics assays.

Keywords: Azerbaijan; Pneumocystis pneumonia; aspergillosis; candidiasis; cryptococcal meningitis; fungal infections.