Nanoparticles (NPs) coated with autoimmune disease-relevant peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) can blunt autoimmune diseases by re-programming cognate effector T-lymphocytes into disease-suppressing regulatory T-cells, followed by massive expansion. Here, a method to quantify the absolute amounts of the active drug product is developed, to understand the relationship between bioavailability and pharmacodynamics. Incubation with plasma results in the formation of a protein corona that stabilizes the directional pMHC coat, shielding it from proteolysis or anti-drug antibody recognition, without any appreciable loss in biological potency. A quantitative method that harnesses these features indicates that the half-life of these compounds in the circulation and organs is an order of magnitude shorter (minutes vs. hours) than that measured using commonly-used semi-quantitative methods. Extensive transmission electron microscopy-based organ scanning and flow cytometry-based enumeration of pMHCII-NP capturing cells confirmed that these compounds are rapidly captured (within 1 min) by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, splenic phagocytes and cognate T-cells, leading to a fast decline in the circulation. Therefore, the powerful pharmacodynamic effects of these compounds are dissociated from long bioavailability, implying a hit-and-run event. Collectively, these data provide a detailed view of the life-cycle of a nanoimmunomedicine, and suggest that the real half-lives of intact nanomedicines may be much shorter than those estimated using indirect approaches.
Keywords: Anti-drug antibodies (ADAs); Autoimmune disease; Peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC); Pharmacodynamics (PD); Pharmacokinetics (PK); Protein corona; iron oxide nanoparticles.
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