Objectives: To explore the feasibility of anterior medial fenestration approach in situ reduction and fixation in the treatment of PipkinⅠ and Ⅱ femoral head fractures,and to explore the clinical effect of this operation. Methods: Hips of two anti-corrosion adult specimens treated with formalin were dissected, then anatomical structures and directional characteristics of anterior medial main muscles,ligaments,blood vessels and nerves were observed.The anterior medial fenestration approach was performed on bilateral hips of four fresh frozen specimens to determine pulling direction of stripped muscles and ligaments required during operation,and to observe and analyze vascular and nerve traction protection directions exposed in the approach.Determine extent of exposure to the approach and assess feasibility of this approach.The clinical data of 12 patients with Pipkin Ⅰ and Ⅱ femoral head fractures who underwent in situ reduction and fixation of anterior medial fenestration at Department of Orthopaedics,Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University from February 2016 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.There were 3 males and 9 females with an age of 48.5 years(range:37 to 59 years).There were 8 cases of Pipkin type Ⅰ and 4 cases of Pipkin type Ⅱ.The operation time,blood loss,fracture healing time,last Thompson-Epstein evaluation and Harris score were observed. Results: Anterior medial fenestration approach to expose the femoral head in 4 bilateral hips with a total of 8 sides of fresh frozen specimens.The upper boundary of observation fenestration was pubic body (anterior acetabulum),and the outer upper boundary was iliacus and psoas muscle.The lateral boundary is rectus femoris and femoral vessels,the lower boundary was transverse branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery and vein.The medial boundary was pubis muscle,short adductor muscle and long adductor muscle.Pubofemoral and iliofemoral ligament were seen in fenestration. Four quadrants in front of femoral head in fenestration can be seen after cutting switch capsule active hip joint. In 12 patients with femoral head fracture,the operation time was 107.5 minutes(range:90 to 135 minutes),and the intraoperative bleeding volume was 115.0 ml(range:85 to 150 ml).The patients were followed up for 18.6 months(range:12 to 28 months).The fracture healing time of 12 patients was 144.2 days(range:120 to 180 days).The curative effect was evaluated according to Thompson-Epstein standard at the last follow-up:excellent in 6 cases,good in 4 cases and fair in 2 cases.At the last follow-up,the Harris score of hip joints was 85.1(range:75 to 93). Conclusions: Anterior medial fenestration in situ reduction and fixation surgery is feasible for the treatment of Pipkin Ⅰ and Ⅱ femoral head fractures. The short and midterm follow-up reveal satisfactory effect.
目的： 探讨前内侧开窗入路原位复位固定术治疗Pipkin Ⅰ、Ⅱ型股骨头骨折的可行性及临床应用效果。 方法： 对2具福尔马林处理的成人尸体标本的双侧髋部进行解剖，观察其前内侧主要肌肉、韧带、血管及神经的解剖结构、走行特点等。在4具新鲜冰冻成人标本的双侧髋部模拟前内侧开窗入路，确定术中需剥离的肌肉及韧带的牵拉方向，观察显露的血管、神经，并确定其牵拉及保护方法，评估此入路的可行性。回顾性分析2016年2月至2018年4月成都大学附属医院骨科收治的采用前内侧开窗入路原位复位固定治疗的12例 Pipkin分型Ⅰ、Ⅱ型股骨头骨折患者的临床资料。男性3例，女性9例，平均年龄48.5岁（范围：37~59岁）。Pipkin分型Ⅰ型8例，Ⅱ型4例。记录患者的手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、手术效果及髋关节Harris评分等。 结果： 解剖学方面，在尸体标本上行前内侧开窗入路显露股骨头，观察窗口内上界为耻骨体（髋臼前下部），外上界为髂肌及腰大肌，外侧界为股直肌、股血管，下界为旋股内侧动静脉横支，内侧界为耻骨肌、短收肌及长收肌，窗口内见耻骨韧带及髂股韧带，切开关节囊活动髋关节可在窗口内见股骨头前方4个象限。临床研究方面，12例患者的手术时间为107.5 min（范围：90~135 min）；术中出血量115.0 ml（范围：85~150 ml）。患者术后随访18.6个月（范围：12~28个月），术后骨折愈合时间为144.2 d（范围：120~180 d）；末次随访时按Thompson-Epstein标准评定疗效，其中优6例，良4例，可2例；髋关节Harris评分85.1分（范围：75~93分）。 结论： 经前内侧开窗入路行原位复位固定术治疗Pipkin Ⅰ、Ⅱ型股骨头骨折是可行的， 近中期临床效果满意。.