Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are lipid-associated luminal secretory cargoes selectively sorted to the apical surface of the epithelia where they reside and play diverse vital functions. Cholesterol-dependent clustering of GPI-APs in the Golgi is the key step driving their apical sorting and their further plasma membrane organization and activity; however, the specific machinery involved in this Golgi event is still poorly understood. In this study, we show that the formation of GPI-AP homoclusters (made of single GPI-AP species) in the Golgi relies directly on the levels of calcium within cisternae. We further demonstrate that the TGN calcium/manganese pump, SPCA1, which regulates the calcium concentration within the Golgi, and Cab45, a calcium-binding luminal Golgi resident protein, are essential for the formation of GPI-AP homoclusters in the Golgi and for their subsequent apical sorting. Down-regulation of SPCA1 or Cab45 in polarized epithelial cells impairs the oligomerization of GPI-APs in the Golgi complex and leads to their missorting to the basolateral surface. Overall, our data reveal an unexpected role for calcium in the mechanism of GPI-AP apical sorting in polarized epithelial cells and identify the molecular machinery involved in the clustering of GPI-APs in the Golgi.
Keywords: GPI-anchored proteins; calcium; polarized epithelial cells; protein clustering; protein sorting.