Electrochemical cycling induces transition-metal (TM) ion migration and oxygen vacancy formation in layered transition-metal oxides, thus causing performance decay. Here, a combination of ab initio calculations and atomic level imaging is used to explore the TM migration mechanisms in LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC333). For the bulk model, TM/Li exchange is an favorable energy pathway for TM migration. For the surface region with the presence of oxygen vacancies, TM condensation via substitution of Li vacancies (TMsub) deciphers the frequently observed TM segregation phenomena in the surface region. Ni migrates much more easily in both the bulk and surface regions, highlighting the critical role of Ni in stabilizing layered cathodes. Moreover, once TM ions migrate to the Li layer, it is easier for TM ions to diffuse and form a TM-enriched surface layer. The present study provides vital insights into the potential paths to tailor layered cathodes with a high structural stability and superior performance.
Keywords: Ab initio calculation; Ion migration; Layered cathode material; Lithium-ion battery; TEM.