To prevent congenital defects arising from maternal exposure, safety regulations require pre-market developmental toxicity screens for industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Traditional embryotoxicity approaches depend heavily on the use of low-throughput animal models which may not adequately predict human risk. The validated embryonic stem cell test (EST) developed in murine embryonic stem cells addressed the former problem over 15 years ago. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study to address the latter challenge by updating all three endpoints of the classic mouse EST with endpoints derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human fibroblasts. Exposure of hiPSCs to selected test chemicals inhibited differentiation at lower concentrations than observed in the mouse EST. The hiPSC-EST also discerned adverse developmental outcomes driven by novel environmental toxicants. Evaluation of the early cardiac gene TBX5 yielded similar toxicity patterns as the full-length hiPSC-EST. Together, these findings support the further development of hiPSCs and early molecular endpoints as a biologically relevant embryotoxicity screening approach for individual chemicals and mixtures.
Keywords: cardiomyocytes; embryonic stem cell test; embryotoxicity screen; induced pluripotent stem cells; tobacco smoke solution.