Hospital pharmacy outpatient medication dispensing and counselling practices in North-Western Nigeria: an observational study

Abstract

Objective: To describe outpatient medication dispensing and counselling processes in pharmacies located in eight hospitals in North-Western Nigeria.

Methods: An observational study was conducted from January to March 2020 in 19 hospital pharmacies located in the eight hospitals. Two types of observations were carried out, structured observations to describe the content of patient medication counselling encounters and general observations of other activities. Quantitative data were generated from the structured observations, whereas qualitative data were collected from field notes and informal discussions with dispensers. Data collected during the structured observations were descriptively analysed, whereas other data collected during the general observation periods were grouped and organized into categories.

Key findings: A total of 782 patient counselling encounters were observed during the structured observations. The most frequent types of information provided by the dispensers during these encounters included dose (98%) and route of administration (85%). Information about the name(s), indication(s), side effect(s) of medication as well as the importance of adherence were provided in less than 5% of these cases. Dispensers also made attempts to verify ownership of prescriptions to be dispensed in only 35% of these cases. Other issues observed included lack of interventions by dispensing staff during these processes. A total of 100 dispensing errors were observed, and provision of incomplete information (usually about duration of medicines use) was the most common type of dispensing error seen.

Conclusions: Several problems were observed with the medication dispensing and counselling processes for outpatients in the hospital pharmacies observed. Interventions aimed at improving these processes are required if patients are to use their medicines correctly and safely.

Keywords: Nigeria; hospital pharmacy; medication counselling; medication dispensing; outpatients.