Deleterious effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in vitiligo patients

Nosiba Suliman Basher; Abdul Malik; Fahad Aldakheel; Anis Ahmad Chaudhary; Hassan Ahmad Rudayni; Musaed Alkholief; Aws Alshamsan

doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.045

Deleterious effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in vitiligo patients

Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 Aug;28(8):4478-4483. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.045. Epub 2021 Apr 24.

Authors

Nosiba Suliman Basher¹, Abdul Malik^{2

3}, Fahad Aldakheel^{4

5}, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary¹, Hassan Ahmad Rudayni¹, Musaed Alkholief², Aws Alshamsan²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
² Nanobiotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11564, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Prince Sattam Chair for Epidemiology and Public Health Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Vitiligo is a rare skin condition caused by an immune reaction. Vitiligo can occur anywhere on the body. This proposed explanation of vitiligo makes it clear that vitiligo is not linked to any other autoimmune diseases. The polymorphisms of some genes present in the immune system play a major function in susceptibility of vitiligo. Meta-analysis studies have shown that the Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion and deletion polymorphism is closely associated with vitiligo in many ethnicities. The connection between ACE gene and vitiligo is connected through the auto immune diseases and there are no genetic polymorphism studies have been carried out with ACE gene with vitiligo in the Saudi population. Previous studies show that vitiligo patients are more likely to also have an autoimmune disorder. The current study aims to investigate the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene with diagnosed patients with vitiligo subjects. This is a case-control study carried out in the Saudi population with 100 vitiligo cases and 100 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed through polymerase chain reaction followed by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotype and allele frequencies were carried out with genetic mode of inheritances. Statistical analysis was performed considering p < 0.05 as significant association. There was a substantial difference in allele frequency distribution between vitiligo patients and healthy controls (OR-1.70 (95%CI: 1.14-2.53); p = 0.008). Additionally, DD genotype (OR-4.71 (95%CI: 1.42-15.61); p = 0.008) and recessive model (OR-2.66 (95%CI: 1.41-5.02); p = 0.002) was strongly associated. Both dominant and co-dominant showed the negative association (p > 0.05) when compared between the vitiligo cases and controls. The correlation between age and genotyping was performed with Anova analysis and current study results confirmed the substantial link between 11 and 20 years (p = 0.01) and 31-40 years (p = 0.04) with the defined age groups. In conclusion, in Saudi populations, the ACE gene I/D polymorphism was identified as being correlated with vitiligo. This is the first study in Saudi Arabia to report the risk factors of vitiligo with the ACE gene polymorphism.

Keywords: ACE gene; Deletion; Insertion; Polymorphism and Vitiligo.