Existing local drug delivery systems for periodontitis suffer from poor antibacterial effect and unsatisfied periodontal regeneration. In this study, a smart gingipain-responsive hydrogel (PEGPD@SDF-1) was synthesized as an environmentally sensitive carrier for on-demand drug delivery. The PEGPD@SDF-1 hydrogel was synthesized from polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) based scaffolds, dithiothreitol (DTT), and a novel designed functional peptide module (FPM) via Michael-type addition reaction, and the hydrogel was further loaded with stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1). The FPM exhibiting a structure of anchor peptide-short antimicrobial peptide (SAMP)-anchor peptide could be cleaved by gingipain specifically, and the SAMP was released out of the hydrogel for antibacterial effect in response to gingipain. The hydrogel properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), swelling ratio analysis, degradation evaluation, and release curve description of the SAMP and SDF-1. Results in vitro indicated the PEGPD@SDF-1 hydrogel exhibited preferable biocompatibility and could promote the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Antibacterial testing demonstrated that the PEGPD@SDF-1 hydrogel released the SAMP stressfully in response to gingipain stimulation, thereby strongly inhibiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Furthermore, the study in vivo indicated that the PEGPD@SDF-1 hydrogel inhibited P. gingivalis reproduction, created a low-inflammatory environment, facilitated the recruitment of CD90+/CD34- stromal cells, and induced osteogenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that the gingipain-responsive PEGPD@SDF-1 hydrogel could facilitate in situ periodontal tissue regeneration and is a promising candidate for the on-demand local drug delivery system for periodontitis.
Keywords: Porphyromonas gingivalis; antibacterial agents; controlled release; gingipain; periodontitis; smart materials; stromal cell derived factor-1.