Protein farnesylation is upregulated in Alzheimer's human brains and neuron-specific suppression of farnesyltransferase mitigates pathogenic processes in Alzheimer's model mice

Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2021 Jul 27;9(1):129. doi: 10.1186/s40478-021-01231-5.

Abstract

The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain elusive and to date there are no effective prevention or treatment for AD. Farnesyltransferase (FT) catalyzes a key posttranslational modification process called farnesylation, in which the isoprenoid farnesyl pyrophosphate is attached to target proteins, facilitating their membrane localization and their interactions with downstream effectors. Farnesylated proteins, including the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, are involved in regulating diverse physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that isoprenoids and farnesylated proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the dynamics of FT and protein farnesylation in human brains and the specific role of neuronal FT in the pathogenic progression of AD are not known. Here, using postmortem brain tissue from individuals with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or Alzheimer's dementia, we found that the levels of FT and membrane-associated H-Ras, an exclusively farnesylated protein, and its downstream effector ERK were markedly increased in AD and MCI compared with NCI. To elucidate the specific role of neuronal FT in AD pathogenesis, we generated the transgenic AD model APP/PS1 mice with forebrain neuron-specific FT knockout, followed by a battery of behavioral assessments, biochemical assays, and unbiased transcriptomic analysis. Our results showed that the neuronal FT deletion mitigates memory impairment and amyloid neuropathology in APP/PS1 mice through suppressing amyloid generation and reversing the pathogenic hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling. These findings suggest that aberrant upregulation of protein farnesylation is an early driving force in the pathogenic cascade of AD and that targeting FT or its downstream signaling pathways presents a viable therapeutic strategy against AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Cholesterol; Farnesyltransferase; Isoprenoids; Protein prenylation; Small GTPases.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Alzheimer Disease / genetics*
  • Alzheimer Disease / metabolism
  • Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / genetics
  • Animals
  • Behavior, Animal
  • Brain / metabolism*
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / genetics
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / metabolism
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
  • Farnesyltranstransferase / genetics*
  • Farnesyltranstransferase / metabolism
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Mice, Knockout
  • Mice, Transgenic
  • Neurons / metabolism*
  • Plaque, Amyloid / genetics
  • Plaque, Amyloid / metabolism
  • Presenilin-1 / genetics
  • Protein Prenylation / genetics*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction

Substances

  • APP protein, human
  • Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
  • PSEN1 protein, human
  • Presenilin-1
  • Farnesyltranstransferase
  • Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
  • HRAS protein, human
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)