Atmospheric dispersion and transmission of Legionella from wastewater treatment plants: A 6-year case-control study

L C Vermeulen; P S Brandsema; J van de Kassteele; B C J Bom; H A M Sterk; F J Sauter; H H J L van den Berg; A M de Roda Husman

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113811

Atmospheric dispersion and transmission of Legionella from wastewater treatment plants: A 6-year case-control study

Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2021 Aug:237:113811. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113811. Epub 2021 Jul 23.

Authors

L C Vermeulen¹, P S Brandsema², J van de Kassteele², B C J Bom², H A M Sterk², F J Sauter², H H J L van den Berg³, A M de Roda Husman⁴

Affiliations

¹ National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands. Electronic address: lucie.vermeulen@rivm.nl.
² National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands.
³ National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands. Electronic address: Harold.van.den.berg@rivm.nl.
⁴ National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.

PMID: 34311418
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113811

Abstract

Legionnaires Disease incidence has risen in the Netherlands in recent years. For the majority of the cases, the source of infection is never identified. Two Dutch wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have previously been identified as source of outbreaks of Legionnaires Disease (LD) among local residents. The objective of this study is to examine if LD patients in the Netherlands are more exposed to aerosols originating from WWTPs than controls.

Methods: An atmospheric dispersion model was used to generate nationwide exposure maps of aerosols from 776 WWTPs in the Netherlands. Municipal sewage treatment plants and industrial WWTPs were both included. Exposure of LD cases and controls at the residential address was compared, in a matched case-control design using a conditional logistic regression. Cases were notified LD cases with onset of disease in the period 2013-2018 in the Netherlands (n = 1604).

Results: Aerosols dispersed over a large part of the Netherlands, but modelled concentrations are estimated to be elevated in close proximity to WWTPs. A statistically significant association was found between LD and the calculated annual average aerosol concentrations originating from WWTPs (odds-ratio: 1.32 (1.06-1.63)). This association remained significant when the two outbreak-related WWTPs were removed from the analysis (odds-ratio: 1.28 (1.03-1.58)).

Conclusion: LD cases were more exposed to aerosols from WWTPs than controls. This indicates that exposure to aerosols dispersed from WWTPs caused Legionnaires Disease in residents living near WWTPs in the period 2013-2018. In order to investigate which characteristics of WWTPs are associated with an increased LD risk, the WWTP database should be updated and more data is needed on the presence and survival of aerosolized Legionella bacteria to improve the Legionella dispersion modelling. Furthermore, it is recommended to further investigate how aerosol dispersion of WWTPs can effectively be reduced in order to reduce the potential health risk.

Keywords: Aerosol; Airborne transmission; Atmospheric dispersion model; Community outbreak; Legionnaires' disease; Sewage.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Case-Control Studies
Disease Outbreaks
Humans
Legionella pneumophila*
Legionella*
Legionnaires' Disease* / epidemiology
Water Purification*