Mapping of Functional Subdomains in the at ALKBH9B m6A-Demethylase Required for Its Binding to the Viral RNA and to the Coat Protein of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus

Luis Alvarado-Marchena; Joan Marquez-Molins; Mireya Martinez-Perez; Frederic Aparicio; Vicente Pallás

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.701683

Mapping of Functional Subdomains in the at ALKBH9B m⁶A-Demethylase Required for Its Binding to the Viral RNA and to the Coat Protein of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus

Front Plant Sci. 2021 Jul 5:12:701683. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701683. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Luis Alvarado-Marchena¹, Joan Marquez-Molins¹, Mireya Martinez-Perez¹, Frederic Aparicio¹, Vicente Pallás¹

Affiliation

¹ Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

Abstract

N ⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) modification is a dynamically regulated RNA modification that impacts many cellular processes and pathways. This epitranscriptomic methylation relies on the participation of RNA methyltransferases (referred to as "writers") and demethylases (referred to as "erasers"), respectively. We previously demonstrated that the Arabidopsis thaliana protein atALKBH9B showed m⁶A-demethylase activity and interacted with the coat protein (CP) of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), causing a profound impact on the viral infection cycle. To dissect the functional activity of atALKBH9B in AMV infection, we performed a protein-mapping analysis to identify the putative domains required for regulating this process. In this context, the mutational analysis of the protein revealed that the residues between 427 and 467 positions are critical for in vitro binding to the AMV RNA. The atALKBH9B amino acid sequence showed intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) located at the N-terminal part delimiting the internal AlkB-like domain and at the C-terminal part. We identified an RNA binding domain containing an RGxxxRGG motif that overlaps with the C-terminal IDR. Moreover, bimolecular fluorescent experiments allowed us to determine that residues located between 387 and 427 are critical for the interaction with the AMV CP, which should be critical for modulating the viral infection process. Finally, we observed that atALKBH9B deletions of either N-terminal 20 residues or the C-terminal's last 40 amino acids impede their accumulation in siRNA bodies. The involvement of the regions responsible for RNA and viral CP binding and those required for its localization in stress granules in the viral cycle is discussed.

Keywords: ALKBH; Ncpsdummy6-methyladenosine; RNA covalent modifications; RNA demethylases; RNA-binding proteins; alfamovirus; epitranscriptomics; plant viruses.