Measurement of flow velocity vectors in carotid artery using plane wave imaging with repeated transmit sequence

Abstract

Purpose: Doppler-based methods are widely used for blood flow imaging in clinical settings. However, they inherently estimate the velocity component only in the axial direction. Therefore, various studies of angle-independent methods have been conducted. The multi-angle Doppler method is one such angle-independent method, in which the velocity vector is estimated using axial velocities obtained from multiple directions by steering an ultrasonic beam. Recently, plane wave imaging, which realizes a very high frame rate of several thousand frames per second, was applied to the multi-angle Doppler method. However, the maximum detectable velocity, i.e., the aliasing limit, was reduced depending on the number of steering angles. In the present study, the feasibility of a specific transmit sequence, namely, the repeated transmit sequence, was examined using the plane-wave multi-angle Doppler method.

Method: In the repeated transmit sequence, plane waves were emitted to the same direction twice, after which the steering angle was changed. By repeating the same procedure, a pair of beamformed radio-frequency (RF) signals could be obtained under each beam steering angle. By applying the autocorrelation method to each pair of RF signals, the time interval between the RF signals could be kept as the pulse repetition interval (PRI). The feasibility of such a transmit sequence was examined by numerical simulation and in vivo measurement of a human carotid artery.

Results: The simulation results showed that the maximum steering angles of over 10 degrees were not feasible with the linear array used in the present study. The feasible maximum steering angle would depend on the element pitch of the probe relative to the ultrasonic wavelength. By limiting the maximum steering angles to 5 and 10 degrees, bias errors were 9.2% and 11.3%, respectively, and root mean squared errors were 21.5% and 16.9%, respectively. Also, flow velocity vectors in a human carotid artery could be visualized with the proposed method.

Conclusion: The multi-angle Doppler method was implemented in plane wave imaging with the repeated transmit sequence, and the proposed method was shown to be feasible through numerical simulation and in vivo measurement of a carotid artery.

Keywords: Blood flow; Flow vector; Plane wave imaging; Repeated transmit sequence.