The chemical composition and toxicological effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from different cooking styles

Benjamin A Musa Bandowe; K H Lui; Timothy Jones; Kelly BéruBé; Rachel Adams; Xinyi Niu; Chong Wei; Jun-Ji Cao; S C Lee; Hsiao-Chi Chuang; K F Ho

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117754

The chemical composition and toxicological effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emitted from different cooking styles

Environ Pollut. 2021 Nov 1:288:117754. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117754. Epub 2021 Jul 7.

Authors

Benjamin A Musa Bandowe¹, K H Lui², Timothy Jones³, Kelly BéruBé⁴, Rachel Adams⁵, Xinyi Niu², Chong Wei⁶, Jun-Ji Cao⁷, S C Lee⁸, Hsiao-Chi Chuang⁹, K F Ho¹⁰

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
² The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
³ School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK.
⁴ School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.
⁵ Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff, UK.
⁶ Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 2010210, China.
⁷ Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
⁸ Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center of Urban Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
⁹ School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰ The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: kfho@cuhk.edu.hk.

PMID: 34284205
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117754

Abstract

The mass, chemical composition and toxicological properties of fine particulates (PM_2.5) emitted from cooking activities in three Hong Kong based restaurants and two simulated cooking experiments were characterized. Extracts from the PM_2.5 samples elicited significant biological activities [cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and inflammation effect (TNF-α)] in a dose-dependent manner. The composition of PAHs, oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs) mixtures differed between samples. The concentration ranges of the Σ30PAHs, Σ17OPAHs and Σ4AZAs and Σ7Carbonyls in the samples were 9627-23,452 pg m^-3, 503-3700 pg m^-3, 33-263 pg m^-3 and 158 - 5328 ng m^-3, respectively. Cell viability caused by extracts from the samples was positively correlated to the concentration of benzo[a]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and 1,4-naphthoquinone in the PM_2.5 extracts. Cellular ROS production (upon exposure to extracts) was positively correlated with the concentrations of PM_2.5, decaldehyde, acridine, Σ17OPAHs and 7 individual OPAHs. TNF-α showed significant positive correlations with the concentrations of most chemical species (elemental carbon, 16 individual PAHs including benzo[a]pyrene, Σ30PAHs, SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺, Ca, Na, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn). The concentrations of Al, Ti, Mn, Σ30PAHs and 8 individual PAHs including benzo[a]pyrene in the samples were positively correlated with DNA damage caused by extracts from the samples. This study demonstrates that inhalation of PM_2.5 emitted from cooking could result in adverse human health effects.

Keywords: Azaarenes; Cooking emissions; Oxygenated PAHs; PAHs; Plasmid scission assay.

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants* / analysis
Air Pollutants* / toxicity
Coal
Cooking
Environmental Monitoring
Humans
Particulate Matter / analysis
Particulate Matter / toxicity
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons* / analysis
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons* / toxicity

Substances

Air Pollutants
Coal
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons