Lung function decline before and after treatment of World Trade Center associated obstructive airways disease with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists

Abstract

Background: Greater than average loss of one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV₁ ) is a risk factor for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma/COPD overlap syndrome in World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters. Inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists (ICS/LABA) are used to treat obstructive airways disease but their impact on FEV₁ -trajectory in this population is unknown.

Methods: The study population included WTC-exposed male firefighters who were treated with ICS/LABA for 2 years or longer (with initiation before 2015), had at least two FEV₁ measurements before ICS/LABA initiation and two FEV₁ measurements posttreatment between September 11, 2001 and September 10, 2019. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate FEV₁ -slope pre- and post-treatment.

Results: During follow-up, 1023 WTC-exposed firefighters were treated with ICS/LABA for 2 years or longer. When comparing intervals 6 years before and 6 years after treatment, participants had an 18.7 ml/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.3-26.1) improvement in FEV₁ -slope after adjustment for baseline FEV₁ , race, height, WTC exposure, weight change, blood eosinophil concentration, and smoking status. After stratification by median date of ICS/LABA initiation (January 14, 2010), earlier ICS/LABA-initiators had a 32.5 ml/year (95% CI: 19.5-45.5) improvement in slope but later ICS/LABA-initiators had a nonsignificant FEV₁ -slope improvement (7.9 ml/year, 95% CI: -0.5 to 17.2).

Conclusions: WTC-exposed firefighters treated with ICS/LABA had improved FEV₁ slope after initiation, particularly among those who started earlier. Treatment was, however, not associated with FEV₁ -slope improvement if started after the median initiation date (1/14/2010), likely because onset of disease began before treatment initiation. Research on alternative treatments is needed for patients with greater than average FEV₁ -decline who have not responded to ICS/LABA.

Keywords: FEV1-slope; ICS/LABA; treatment effect.