Investigation of Newly Diagnosed Drug-Naive Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Revealed the Cleaved Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY 3-36) as a Specific Plasma Biomarker of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

There is a current imperative to reveal more precisely the molecular pathways of early onset of systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs). The investigation of newly diagnosed drug-naive SAD patients might contribute to identify novel disease-specific and prognostic markers. The multiplex analysis of 30 plasma proteins in 60 newly diagnosed drug-naive SADs, such as RA (rheumatoid arthritis, n = 31), SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus, n = 19), and SSc (systemic scleroderma, n = 10) patients, versus healthy controls (HCs, n = 40) was addressed. Thirty plasma cytokines were quantified using the Procarta Plex™ panel. The higher expression of IL-12p40, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, M-CSF, IL-4, NTproBNP, IL-17A, BMP-9, PYY (3-36), GITRL, MMP-12, and TNFRSF6 was associated with RA; IL-12p40, M-CSF, IL-4, GITRL, and NTproBNP were higher in SLE; or NTproBNP, PYY (3-36), and MMP-12 were increased in SSc over HCs, respectively. The cleaved peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY 3-36) was elevated in RA (361.6 ± 47.7 pg/ml) vs. HCs (163.96 ± 14.5 pg/ml, mean ± SEM, ^∗∗∗ p = 4 × 10^-5). The CI (95%) was 268.05-455.16 pg/ml for RA vs. 135.55-192.37 pg/ml for HCs. The elevated PYY (3-36) level correlated significantly with the increased IL-4 or GITRL concentration but not with the clinical scores (DAS28, CRP, ESR, RF, aMCV). We are the first to report cleaved PYY (3-36) as a specific plasma marker of therapy-naive RA. Additionally, the multiplex plasma protein analysis supported a disease-specific cytokine pattern in RA, SLE, and SSc, respectively.